طريقه تحميل الفيديو من تويتر - حمل الفيديوهات من تويتر اونلاين بدون برامج

طريقه تحميل الفيديو من تويتر - حمل الفيديوهات من تويتر اونلاين بدون برامج

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Motion Detector Switch

Motion Detector Switch

When you think of switches, you usually think about walking in your home and reaching out to flip a toggle switch in order to turn on the light.  But there is an easier way and it is called a motion detector switch.  It is a specialized switch that detects movement in your home by using infrared or ultrasonic sensors.  I know it sounds space-aged, but it really works.  The very fact that it senses motion is a great selling point, but add the fact that it can also sense sound makes this switch a must-have in my book.

When someone enters a room equipped with  a motion detecor switch that is armed with this technology, it turns on the light connected to it and remains on until there is no motion or sound in the room.  If you've ever left your home and forgot to turn off the lights or got up in the middle of the night to go to the bathroom or downstairs, only to stub your toe before you got to the light switch, you'll really appreciate the motion detector light switch!

There are many variations of these switches that is determined by the manufacturer.  Some of the motion detector switches have a neutral wire connection to power the LED, while others do not.  Be sure to check the wiring schematic that comes with your specific model of switch to ensure you wire it corrcetly.  Normally, the motion detector switch will have three wires.  The black wire connects to the incoming "hot" wire which supplies the power to the switch.  The blue wire is connected to the outgoing wire connected to the light that is called the switch leg. The green wire is always used only for a ground wire.

The motion detector switch is composed of these wires, connected to a large eye that protudes from the front of the switch, usually located on the top of the switch.  It scans 180° from its position on the wall. It is a solid-state electronic switch that can be damaged by incorrect wiring or handling of the product.

There are two variations of this type switch, the active sensor switch and the passive sensor switch. Active sensors, often referred to as radar-based, send out sound waves into the room, like your garage door opener does and waits for the signal to return. You may have had a garage door that always opens when it thunders. That's because a frequency was generated that matched the one that tells your garage door opener to open the door.

Passive sensors, on the other hand, have their own unique way of detecting movement. Called passive infrared sensors (PIR) and sometimes called pyroelectric detectors, they are used frequently in homes and businesses alike. They detect heat from the body of humans and animals alike. The sensor uses aphoto detector which which coverts light in the wavelengths into electrical current that triggers an alarm in the mini compuer housed in the detector. It triggers the switch to turn on. The exception is, the computer ignores slow changes in room temperture due to sunlight.

These type of switches are not limited to the interior of the home. There are also outdoor versions that detect movement from traffic driving up your driveway. These driveway alarms are used to notify soemone in your home that you have company, giving you a heads-up before they reach the door. They are also used in things like deer cams and door entry alarms. The one I have is placed across the room from the door and detects customers as they come in the front door. It then sends a siganl to a remote unit upstairs that sounds an alarm. That way, I don't have to sit and watch the video monitor while I eat lunch. That allows me to be aware of customers, eat lunch and watch TV for a few minutes without worrying about missing someone and causing them to wait impatiently. It's one of the best things I've bought and was relatively inexpensive. Maybe, you need a sensor for your home?

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IR Infrared Motion Detection Sensor

IR Infrared Motion Detection Sensor

Model	I052116
Quantity	1
Color	White
Material	Copper-clad plate
Features	Working voltage: DC 5~20V; Static power consumption: 65 microamps; Detecting range: <120 degrees cone angle (within 7 meters)
Application	IR motion detection sensor module
Packing List	1 x IR motion detection sensor module

Dimensions: 1.30 in x 0.98 in x 0.98 in (3.3 cm x 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm)
Weight: 0.25 oz (7 g)

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IR Beam Sensor

IR Beam Sensor

Active Infrared Beams Detectors (IR Beams) adopt the invisiable infrared detection technology. It consists of receiver and transmitter, transmitter emit the (2-4 beams) infrared beam, and the receiver will receive the beam.

Infrared Fence Beams sensors are effective and unobtrusive methods for greatly increasing the level of protection at your home or business. Based on infrared technology, they can be configured to monitor the perimeter, driveways, swimming pools and unauthorized areas. These systems detect both people and vehicles and as such, are extremely versatile.

Hardwired Infrared Fence & Beam Detector can work with Honeywell/ADEMCO hardwired alarm panels, Vstar Security can provide mono-crystalline silicon solar panel for power supply of IR beam motion detectors.

Vstar Security pioneered and developed infrared beam sensors. Although imitated by others, Vstar's quality and innovation has never been successfully duplicated by competitors.  That's the reason why Vstar Security beams are employed in the most demanding and critical installation. Besides the enhanced performance, Vstar beams are value priced and easy to install.

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infrared beam motion detector

  2 Beams IR Beam Motion Detector

infrared beam motion detector

Description

Name: Active Infrared Beam Detector
Model: VST-20/30/40/60/80/100
Beams: Two Beams
Wired and wireless optional

Dual Infrared Beam Introduction:

VST series Dual Photoelectric Beam Detectors adopts advanced active infrared beam technology for the movement detection. The detector with dual beams with features of interruption time adjustable features to minimize the false alarm. Only dual beams interrupted simultaneously, the alarm will be triggered. This beam sensor comes with laser beam alignment function which reduces the installation time and along with that increases the work-ability of the device. The Beam sensor comes with built-in Optical Viewfinder for easy and quick alignment. One more notable feature of this beam is Automatic Gain Control (AGC) Circuit for precision. Other features include Weather proof Anti-rain, snow, dew, mist, frost design mounting brackets, Pole Clips etc. The protection distance (between Transmitter / Receiver) should be placed in the rated range. The detector with relay outputs (NC/NO) for working with any kinds of hardwired security system, can be built-in wireless RF transmitter for working with wireless alarm system.

Download Product Flyer in PDF: Click here !

Note: The protection distance (between Transmitter / Receiver) should be placed in the rated range.

Dual infrared Beam Key Features:

Dual beams provide reliable security and minimizing false alarm
Automatic input power filtering with special noise circuitry
Built-in optical viewfinder for easy installation
Adjustable response time for various application
Thunder lightning arrester (Anti-surge) circuit design
LED indication Anti-fog and anti-dew design
Tamper circuit included
Other additional functions: photic instruction, OK instruction, test terminal,multilevel LED indicator
Including Main unit mounting bracket set

Working Theory & Dimension:

Technical Parameter

Model		VST-20	VST-30	VST-40	VST-60	VST-80	VST-100
Rated Range	(Outdoor)	20m	30m	40m	60m	80m	100m
	(Indoor)	60m	90m	120m	180m	240m	300m
Maximum Distance		230m	350m	460m	650m	900m	1100m
Beam		2beams
Detection Method		2beams interrupted at the same time
Light Source		Infrared LED
Sensor Speed		50 - 700 msec
Alarming Output		Relay Contact Output Contact Rating: ACDC30V0.5Amax
Power Supply Voltage		DC/AC13.8 - 24 V
Current Sinking		40mAmax	40mAmax	40mAmax	55mAmax	65mAmax	65mAmax
Using Temperature		- 25 ° C?55 ° C
Dimension		Refer to exterior diagram
Dismantle Prevention Output		Contact Output DC30V0. 5 Amax.
Adjusting Angle of Optical Axis (Horizontal)		180 ° ±90 °
Adjusting Angle of Optical Axis (Vertical)		20 ° ±10 °
Hairline Pointer		Dis-mountable
Dedew and Defrost Method		Ultrasonic Structure
Other Function		Light Accept Indication Ok Indication Testing Terminal
Material		PC
Weight		1000g Light Receptor +Light Projector

Specification of Wireless Transmitter Module:Operating frequency: 433MHz (315MHz optional)
Operating Voltage: 9V-12V
Modulation mode: ASK
Quiescent current: 0uA
Operating current: 8 - 15mA
Transmitting power: 10 - 15mW
Encoding type: Learning code (eV1527)   [can be fixed code, PT2262]
Transmitting Distance: 100-200 M (open space, receiver sensitivity: -108dBm)

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Motion Detector

Motion Detector

A motion detector is a device that detects moving objects, particularly people. A motion detector is often integrated as a component of a system that automatically performs a task or alerts a user of motion in an area. Motion detectors form a vital component of security, automated lighting control, home control, energy efficiency, and other useful systems.

An electronic motion detector contains an optical, microwave, or acoustic sensor, and in many cases a transmitter for illumination. However a passive sensor only senses a signal emitted by the moving object itself. Changes in the optical, microwave, or acoustic field in the device's proximity are interpreted by the electronics based on one of the technologies listed below. Most inexpensive motion detectors can detect up to distances of at least 15 feet (5 meters). Specialized systems are more expensive but have much longer ranges. Tomographic motion detection systems can cover much larger areas because the radio waves are at frequencies which penetrate most walls and obstructions, and are detected in multiple locations, not just at the location of the transmitter.

Motion detectors have found wide use in domestic and commercial applications. One common everyday application is activation of automatic door openers in businesses and public buildings. Motion sensors are also widely used in lieu of a true occupancy sensorin activating street lights or indoor lights in walkways (such as lobbies and staircases). In such "Smart Lighting" systems, energy is conserved by only powering the lights for the duration of a timer, after which the person has presumably left the area. A motion detector may be among the sensors of a burglar alarm that is used to alert the home owner or security service when it detects the motion of a possible intruder. Such a detector may also trigger a security camera in order to record the possible intrusion.

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How to do motion sensor

How to do motion sensor

T­here are many different ways to create a motion sensor. For example:

• It is common for stores to have a beam of light crossing the room near the door, and a photosensor on the other side of the ­room. When a customer breaks the beam, the photosensor detects the change in the amount of light and rings a bell.
• Many grocery stores have automatic door openers that use a very simple form of radar to detect when someone passes near the door. The box above the door sends out a burst of microwave radio energy and waits for the reflected energy to bounce back. When a person moves into the field of microwave energy, it changes the amount of reflected energy or the time it takes for the reflection to arrive, and the box opens the door. Since these devices use radar, they often set off radar detectors.
• The same thing can be done with ultrasonic sound waves, bouncing them off a target and waiting for the echo.

All of these are active sensors. They inject energy (light, microwaves or sound) into the environment in order to detect a change of some sort.

The "motion sensing" feature on most lights (and security systems) is a passive system that detects infrared energy. These sensors are therefore known as PIR (passive infrared) detectors or pyroelectricsensors. In order to make a sensor that can detect a human being, you need to make the sensor sensitive to the temperature of a human body. Humans, having a skin temperature of about 93 degrees F, radiate infrared energy with a wavelength between 9 and 10 micrometers. Therefore, the sensors are typically sensitive in the range of 8 to 12 micrometers.

The devices themselves are simple electronic components not unlike a photosensor. The infrared light bumps electrons off a substrate, and these electrons can be detected and amplified into a signal.

You have probably noticed that your light is sensitive to motion, but not to a person who is standing still. That's because the electronics package attached to the sensor is looking for a fairly rapid change in the amount of infrared energy it is seeing. When a person walks by, the amount of infrared energy in the field of view changes rapidly and is easily detected. You do not want the sensor detecting slower changes, like the sidewalk cooling off at night.

Your motion sensing light has a wide field of view because of the lens covering the sensor. Infrared energy is a form of light, so you can focus and bend it with plastic lenses. But it's not like there is a 2-D array of sensors in there. There is a single (or sometimes two) sensors inside looking for changes in infrared energy.

If you have a burglar alarm with motion sensors, you may have noticed that the motion sensors cannot "see" you when you are outside looking through a window. That is because glass is not very transparent to infrared energy. This, by the way, is the basis of a greenhouse. Light passes through the glass into the greenhouse and heats things up inside the greenhouse. The glass is then opaque to the infrared energy these heated things are emitting, so the heat is trapped inside the greenhouse. It makes sense that a motion detector sensitive to infrared energy cannot see through glass windows.

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The Ultrasonic Motion Detector

The Ultrasonic Motion Detector

In class and in the labs you will use an Ultrasonic Motion Detector which measures distance by emitting ultrasonic pulses and determining the length of time it takes for the reflected pulses to return. We can then calculate a distance from the the time and the known speed of sound.  The word "ultrasonic" refers to sound frequencies higher than the response of the human ear (from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz). Bats can detect sound of frequencies up to 120 kHz. [The unit of frequency is the Hertz, where 1 Hz is 1 cycle/sec and 1 kHz is 1000 cycles/sec.]

The speed of sound is related to the wavelength and frequency by the relation:

                                                    c = f l        speed = frequency x wavelength

The speed of sound in air is about 343 m/sec. The speed of sound in water is about 1500 m/sec. So, for example, the wavelength of sound waves of frequency of 1 Hz in air is 343 m. For f = 10kHz, the wavelength becomes 3.4 cm. The wavelength sets the resolution with which we can measure distances.  Therefore, ultrasonic frequencies (very high frequencies) are good for distance measurements. The ultrasonic range finders operate in the range of about 40 kHz.

Ultrasound is also used in medical applications for imaging and surgery. Techniques now exist to generate sound frequencies of a gigahertz (10⁹ Hz) making resolutions of about 1 micron routine.

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Passive infrared sensor

Passive infrared sensor

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion detectors.

How Infrared motion detector components work

  Infrared Radiation : 

Infrared radiation exists in the electromagnetic spectrum at a wavelength that is longer than visible light. It cannot be seen but it can be detected. Objects that generate heat also generate infrared radiation and those objects include animals and the human body whose radiation is strongest at a wavelength of 9.4um. Infrared in this range will not pass through many types of material that pass visible light such as ordinary window glass and plastic. However it will pass through, with some attenuation, material that is opaque to visible light such as germanium and silicon. An unprocessed silicon wafer makes a good IR window in a weatherproof enclosure for outdoor use. It also provides additional filtering for light in the visible range. 9.4um infrared will also pass through polyethylene which is usually used to make Fresnel lenses to focus the infarared onto  sensor elements.

 Pyroelectric Sensors :

The pyroelectric sensor is made of a crystalline material that generates a surface electric charge when exposed to heat in the form of infrared radiation. When the amount of radiation striking the crystal changes, the amount of charge also changes and can then be measured with a sensitive FET device built into the sensor. The sensor elements are sensitive to radiation over a wide range so a filter window is added to the TO5 package to limit detectable radiation to the 8 to 14mm range which is most sensitive to human body radiation.

Typically, the FET source terminal pin 2 connects through a pulldown resistor of about 100 K to ground and feeds into a two stage amplifier having signal conditioning circuits. The amplifier is typically bandwidth limited to below 10Hz to reject high frequency noise and is followed by a window comparator that responds to both the positive and negative transitions of the sensor output signal. A well filtered power source of from 3 to 15 volts should be connected to the FET drain terminal pin 1.

The PIR325 sensor has two sensing elements connected in a voltage bucking configuration. This arrangement cancels signals caused by vibration, temperature changes and sunlight. A body passing in front of the sensor will activate first one and then the other element whereas other sources will affect both elements simultaneously and be cancelled. The radiation source must pass across the sensor in a horizontal direction when sensor pins 1 and 2 are on a horizontal plane so that the elements are sequentially exposed to the IR source. A focusing device is usually used in front of the sensor

The figure below shows the PIR325 electrical specifications and layout in its TO5 package. Note the wide viewing angle without an external lens.

This is a typical application circuit that drives a relay. R10 and C6 adjust the amount of time that RY1 remains energized after motion is detected. Download PDF drawing.

  Fresnel Lens_____________

A Fresnel lens (pronounced Frennel) is a Plano Convex lens that has been collapsed on itself to form a flat lens that retains its optical characteristics but is much smaller in thickness and therefore has less absorption losses.

Our FL65 Fresnel lens is made of an infrared transmitting material that has an IR transmission range of 8 to 14um which is most sensitive to human body radiation. It is designed to have its grooves facing the IR sensing element so that a smooth surface is presented to the subject side of the lens which is usually the outside of an enclosure that houses the sensor.

The lens element is round with a diameter of 1 inch and has a flange that is 1.5 inches square. This flange is used for mounting the lens in a suitable frame or enclosure. Mounting can best and most easily be done with strips of Scotch tape. Silicone rubber can also be used if it overlaps the edges to form a captive mount.

The FL65 has a focal length of 0.65 inches from the lens to the sensing element. It has been determined by experiment to have a field of view of approximately 10 degrees when used with a PIR325 Pyroelectric sensor.

This relatively inexpensive and easy to use Pyroelectric Sensor and Fresnel Lens can be used in a variety of science projects, robots and other useful devices.

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motion detector circuit

Introduction to Motion Detector:

The motion detector is not only used as intruder alarm but also used in many applications like home automation system, energy efficiency system, etc. The motion detector will detect the motion of the people or objects and give the appropriate output according to the circuit. In general, motion detector uses different types of sensors like Passive infrared sensor (which will detect the motion of the person using the person body heat), microwave sensor (Microwave sensor will detect the motion of person by measuring the change in frequency from the produced beam), ultrasonic sensor (It produces acoustic signals which will detect the motion of a person) etc.  There are some motion detectors which will use different technology and include number of sensors (PIR, microwave sensor, ultrasonic sensor, etc.) to reduce the false triggering and increase the accuracy in motion detection.

Block Diagram of Motion Detector:

IR sensor will produce the high frequency beam which is projected on the photo transistor with the help of 555timer at the transmitter. When this high frequency beam has got any interruption, the photo transistor will trigger the 555 timer of receiver section and gives alert through the alarm.

Motion Detector Circuit Diagram:

Motion Detector Circuit Explanation:

• The IR sensor will make the high frequency beam of 5 kHz with the help of 555timer which is set to astable multivibrator mode at the transmitter section.
• The IR sensor will produce the high frequency beam which is received by the photo resistor at the receiver section. This frequency will be in one phase when there is no interruption between the IR sensor and photo transistor.  Total circuit will not give any output in this phase. When there is an interruption between IR sensor and photo transistor, the beam produced by the IR sensor will be in different phase. This different phase will be immediately detected by the photo resistor and make the 555 timer to give alarm through speaker.
• When there is no intrusion, the photo transistor will make the pin2 high of 555timer which is set in monostable mode, and there will be no output given in this configuration. When there is intrusion, the pin 2 of monostable timer is made low which will make the alarm to alert. The alarm time depends on the capacitor C1 and variable resistor POT.

Main Components in Motion Detector Circuit:

IR sensor: the main concept of IR sensor is to produce a beam of infrared light (whose wave wavelength is longer than visible rays and shorter than microwaves, in normal infrared wave length should be greater than 6µm). IR sensors are based on three different laws they are planks radiation law, Stephan Boltzmann law and Wien’s displacement law.

• Planks Radiation Law states that the energy of electromagnetic radiation is confined to indivisible packets (quanta), each of which has energy equal to the product of the Planck constant and the frequency of the radiation (planks constant = 6.62606957 × 10^-34 m² kg /s).
• Stephan Boltzmann Law states that total energy radiated per unit on a black body using  all wavelengths per unit time J* is directly proportional to the fourth power of the black body’s thermodynamic temperature T:

• Wien’s Displacement Law:  the wavelength of maximum emission of any body is inversely proportional to its absolute temperature (measured in Kelvin).  As a result, as the temperature rises, the maximum (peak) of the radiant energy shifts toward the shorter wavelength (higher frequency and energy) end of the spectrum.

Peak intensity occurs at this wavelength ƛ =(0.0029 meter.K)/Temperature in Kelvin

In IR sensor the infrared source and transmission of infrared are two important parts. In infrared source, there are different sources like black body radiators, tungsten lamps, silicon carbide in IR sensors. They will use infrared wavelength LED as infrared source. In transmission media it will be different like air, optical fiber etc.

Photo Transistor: Photo transistors are the detectors of IR radiation or any photo radiation. They will convert this IR radiation into current or voltage.

Applications of Motion Detection:

• Motion detectors can be used as an intruder alarm in home, offices, banks, shopping malls etc.
• They can be used as counting machines, automatic light control etc.
• They can be used in energy efficient systems, home automation system and control systems.

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